Cotton Urges FDA Probe Into Chinese APIs for GLP-1 Drugs

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Sen. Tom Cotton (R-AR) is pressing FDA to investigate whether illegal or unregulated Chinese-sourced active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have entered the U.S. supply chain and been used in compounded GLP-1 weight loss drugs. In a 2/13 letter to FDA commissioner Martin Makary, the Arkansas lawmaker cited national security and patient safety concerns, warning that foreign access to the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain presents “significant health risks” to Americans. Cotton referenced recent reports indicating that between 9/2023 and 1/2025, FDA and U.S. Customs and Border Protection intercepted 195 illegal API shipments, roughly 60 of which originated from China or Hong Kong. He said the seized ingredients were likely intended for use in compounded weight loss medications.

Cotton estimated that as many as 1.5 million Americans could be using unregulated compounded GLP-1 products that may contain questionable foreign-sourced ingredients. The senator’s letter comes amid broader federal scrutiny of companies marketing compounded alternatives to approved GLP-1 therapies such as Ozempic and Wegovy. Earlier this month, HHS referred Hims & Hers Health to the Justice Department for potential violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act tied to its planned sale of a non-FDA-approved compounded weight loss drug. Makary has separately signaled that the agency will move to restrict bulk GLP-1 APIs intended for use in mass-marketed compounded products.

Cotton urged regulators to expand investigations to other entities distributing compounded GLP-1 drugs, arguing that stronger oversight is needed to prevent potentially unsafe ingredients from reaching U.S. patients.

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